Macular Degeneration: causes, symptoms, and prevention
Macular degeneration is a disease caused by an alteration of the central part of the retina — the macula — responsible for vision. The age-related form affects millions of people and is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Two forms are distinguished: the dry form, with damage to the visual cells, and the wet form, which also involves the small blood vessels of the retina.
What are the risk factors?
- Advanced age
- Smoking
- Family history and genetic factors
- Hypercholesterolemia and obesity
- Hypertension
- Excessive use of electronic devices
How to recognize macular degeneration?
In the early stages, the disease can be completely asymptomatic. The first signs include distorted images (metamorphopsia), increased blurring during reading, and reduced contrast sensitivity.
Why does macular degeneration occur?
The retina requires a very high oxygen supply to perform its visual function, but it also produces oxidizing substances that, in excessive amounts, damage it. With aging, the body's ability to produce antioxidant substances decreases, leading to the accumulation of damaged molecules (drusen) in the retina. Over time, these accumulations cause progressive vision loss. In the wet form, there is also a proliferation of small blood vessels that rupture, causing fluid accumulation and scar formation.
How to prevent macular degeneration?
Although pharmacological therapies exist, none completely eliminate the disease. The first approach is preventive: a diet rich in antioxidants, mainly found in fruits and vegetables. Numerous scientific studies support the usefulness of supplements based on:
- Vitamins C and E
- Omega 3
- Flavonoids (resveratrol, curcumin)
- Lutein and zeaxanthin
These nutrients reduce the risk of progression of retinal damage and slow down vision loss.